08 juli 2021 | 20 minutes
Norsk for Beginners is a podcast aimed at beginners of Norwegian (A1-A2). The episodes are structured in two parts: One Norwegian speaking part and the second in English, explaining the Norwegian part and examining some Norwegian vocabulary used in the episode. I speak Norwegian in a clear, slow and deliberate manner, perfect for beginners. Get some listening practice by listening to “Norsk for Beginners”!
Email: Laernorsknaa@gmail.com
Transcript: https://laernorsknaa.com/7-1-modern-norwegian-history-an-overview/
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The 16th and 17th centuries in Norway were characterized by
three central developments:
1. The introduction of the Reformation in Norway, which led to the establishment of
the school system in the 17th century. Reading and understanding faith in one's
own language became important, and many people learned to read and write.
However, Protestantism also resulted in witch-hunts during the 17th century,
where individuals were accused and killed for being ”witches.”
2. Centralization of power of the Danish king. Danish noblemen and the Danish king gained more
power in Norway during the 16th and 17th centuries. Danish began to replace
Norwegian as the written language, but people still spoke their own Norwegian
dialects.
3. Economic development in Norway. Norway acquired two important industries during this
period: timber trade and mining. Timber trade involved cutting down trees and
selling timber, while mining involved extracting minerals, such as iron, from
mines. These industries were crucial for exporting goods to other countries.
From 1660, Denmark-Norway became an absolute monarchy,
similar to France under Louis XIV. Absolute monarchy means that the king has
all the power, or more precisely, all power is derived from the king. The
period from 1660 to 1780 was characterized by:
1. European colonization and the introduction of new plants and goods to Norway, such as
tobacco, potatoes, and spices. Potatoes, in particular, became important for
Norway. Additionally, Denmark-Norway established its own colonies in Africa,
India, and the Caribbean.
2. Wars with Sweden. During this period, there were several major wars between
Denmark-Norway and Sweden. The wars usually ended in a relatively even manner,
with both sides weakened. However, Sweden managed to take Skåne from Denmark
(present-day southern Sweden) and Jemtland, Herjedalen, and Båhuslen from
Norway.
Transcripción
Heihei! It is time for a new season of the podcast. The previous season focused on Norwegian geography. In this season, I will shift the attention to Norwegian history. History is actually my field; I study history at the university at the moment, so I am really passionate about this. I hope that I, during this season, can give you a little overview over some of the most important Norwegian history. Before we do that, I just want to mention Patreon really quickly. You can support the podcast at Patreon and I will post a link in the description.1. The text for the episode is available at the website for the podcast. Now, let’s talk about Norwegian history.
Norsk historie: Et overblikk
Dette er bare et lite overblikk over norsk historie. Bare en liten introduksjon. Jeg begynner derfor med vikingtida. Det bodde mennesker i Norge lenge før vikingtida begynte, men det er et fint sted å begynne for norsk historie. Vikingtida begynte i 793 da noen, sannsynligvis norske, vikinger gikk til angrep på klosteret i Lindisfarne i England. I denne perioden fantes ikke Norge. Norge bestod av flere mindre stammer med høvdinger. Disse var ofte knytta sammen av familiebånd. Norge var altså delt opp i mange små enheter.
I 872 samla endelig Harald Hårfagre, Norges første konge, Norge til ett rike. Dette gjorde han ved slaget ved Hafrsfjord i Stavanger. I dette slaget samla han Norge til ett rike. Han smala de ulike småenhetene til ett rike. Dette er historien som vi forteller til norske barn. Problemet er bare at den ikke stemmer. Fortellingen om Harald Hårfagre stammer alle fra 1100-tallet, 200-300år etter at det faktisk skjedde. Fortellingen har også mange mytiske trekk over seg. Sannsynligvis var Harald Hårfagre en storhøvding som samla en større del av Norge til ett rike, men langt ifra hele Norge. Likevel har han blitt en viktig person i norsk historie. Han er viktig som den mytiske personen som samla Norge til ett rike.
La oss gå fram til 1030. Dette er et veldig viktig årstall i norsk historie. 1030 var veldig viktig for samlingen av Norge til ett rike. I 1030 skjedde slaget ved Stiklestad, et sted i nærheten av Trondheim. Olav Haraldsson, konge av Norge, kjempa dette slaget for å kristne Norge. Han kjempa imot høvdinger som ville beholde den norrøne religionen i stedet for kristendommen. Olav Haraldsson blei drept i slaget ved Stiklestad. Han blei utropt til helgen etterpå. Han blei Norges nasjonalhelgen, Olav den hellige. Han blei et viktig symbol for de kristne i Norge. Etter 1030 spredde kristendommen seg til Norge; Norge blei et kristent katolsk land som resten av Europa.
Vikingtida i Norge slutter i 1030 med kristninga av Norge. Etter det stopper vikingtida. La oss derfor gå fram til 1397. I 1397 går Norge inn i Kalmarunionen sammen med Danmark og Sverige. Det danske kongehuset herska da over hele Skandinavia. I denne perioden var Danmark det klart største og rikeste landet i Skandinavia. Det beste jordbruket var i Danmark. Sverige gikk ut av Kalmarunionen i 1520, men det gjorde ikke Norge. Norge skulle forbli i union med Danmark helt til 1814. Helt til 1814 var Norge styrt fra Danmark.
Norge var et katolsk land til 1536. I 1536 bestemte den danske kongen at Danmark-Norge skulle skifte religion fra katolisismen til protestantismen. Norge blei et protestantisk land. Fram til 1536 hadde Norge hatt en egen erkebiskop i Trondheim. Erkebiskopen i Trondheim var en av de mektigste mennene i Norge. Da Norge blei protestantisk, mista erkebiskopen i Trondheim makta si i Norge. Dette gjorde at Danmark fikk større kontroll over Norge.
1814 er kanskje det viktigste årstallet i norsk historie. Dette er det eneste årstallet jeg krever at dere skal huske. Dere må huske 1814! I 1814 blei Norge et selvstendig land og vi fikk vår egen grunnlov. På grunn av Napoleonskrigene i Europa, så blei Norge selvstendig i 1814. Danmark var på Frankrike og Napoleon sin side i krigen mot Russland og Storbritannia. Sverige var på Russland og Storbritannia sin side. Dette gjorde at Sverige fikk Norge fra Danmark. Danmark blei tvungen til å gi Norge over til Sverige. Men i Norge ville vi ikke bli en del av Sverige. En dansk pris, Christian Fredrik, blei krona til konge av Norge og vi fikk vår egen grunnlov i 1814. Menn fra hele Sør-Norge samla seg på Eidsvoll for å lage Norges grunnlov i 1814.
Norge skreiv under på grunnloven 17. mai 1814. Dette er grunnen til at 17. mai er Norges nasjonaldag i dag. Hver 17. mai samler nordmenn seg for å feire grunnloven og Norge. Likevel fikk ikke Norge være selvstendige så veldig lenge. Sverige gikk til angrep på Norge og tvang dem inn i en union igjen sommeren 1814. Norge var altså selvstendige i bare noen måneder.
Norge var i en union med Sverige helt til 1905. Da samla nordmenn seg for å stemme om å være selvstendige. 99,9995% av alle som stemte, stemte for at Norge skulle bli et eget og selvstendig land. Valget var ulovlig. Sverige hadde ikke godkjent valget. Likevel valgte Sverige å ikke gå til krig mot Norge, men de var nærme. De trua Norge med krig, men bestemte seg for å la Norge bli selvstendige. Dermed blei Norge endelig et helt selvstendig land.
Til slutt vil jeg bare nevne noen viktige datoer fra moderne norsk historie. Dette er noen av de viktigste hendelsene i moderne norsk historie:
- 1913, kvinner i Norge får stemmerett.
- 9. april 1940, 2. verdenskrig bryter ut i Norge. Tyskland okkuperer Norge fram til 8. mai 1945.
- 1949, Norge blir en del av NATO og dermed en del av den vestlige alliansen i den kalde krigen på USA sin side mot Sovjetunionen.
- 1969, olje blir funnet i Nordsjøen utenfor Norge.
- 1972 og 1994, Norge stemmer «nei» til å være med i EU, den europeiske union.
- 22. juli 2011, terrorangrepet i Oslo og på Utøya.
Norwegian History: An Overview
This will be a short introduction to Norwegian history and I will not include anything older than the Viking age in Norway. The Viking age began in 793 with the Viking attack on Lindisfarne, a cloister in England. In this period, Norway did not really exist. It consisted of several smaller tribes and their chieftains. These were often based on family ties.
In 872, Norway was finally unified to one kingdom by Norway’s first king, Harald Fairhair. He unified the country at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger. The only problem is that this is probably a mythical version of the real history. The story of Harald was written in the 12th century, several hundred years after the actual events. The story also contains several mythical traits. Most likely, Harald Fairhair was merely a great chieftain who unified a substantial part of Norway, but far from the whole country.
Let’s jump forward to 1030, a very important year in Norwegian history. 1030 was very important to the actual unification of Norway to one kingdom under one king. Olav Haraldsson, the king of Norway, fought the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030 against his pagan enemies. He was a Christian who forcefully spread Christianity throughout the country. This was important to the unification of Norway under one king and one religion. Olav was killed in the battle, and he was sanctified afterwards. He became the national saint of Norway and an important symbol for the Christians. After 1030, Norway became a Catholic country like the rest of western Europe. This often marks the end of the Viking age in Norway.
Norway often interacted with its neighbours, Sweden and Denmark. In 1397, the Scandinavian countries formed the Union of Kalmar led by the Danish royal family. Denmark was the most populous and richest country in Scandinavia in this period. The best farming land was found in Denmark. Sweden would leave the union in 1520, but Norway would remain a part of it until 1814.
Norway was a catholic country with its own archbishopric until 1536 when the Danish king decided that Denmark and Norway would convert from Catholicism to Protestantism. One of the most powerful persons in Norway, the archbishop in Trondheim, lost all his power and was forced to flee the country. Thus, Denmark tightened their grips on Norway.
1814 is perhaps the most important year in Norwegian history. It is the only year that you have to remember from this episode. In 1814, Norway finally became independent from Denmark and we made our own constitution. This was due to the Napoleonic wars in Europe where Denmark supported the French against Russia and Great Britain. Sweden aided the British and Russians and were compensated with Norway. Hence, Denmark was forced to hand over Norway to Sweden. However, there was one big problem with this plan: Norway did not want to become a part of Sweden. Thus, the Danish crown prince, Christian Fredrik, took the initiative and gathered the most powerful Norwegian men to Eidsvoll, East in Norway. Here, the constitution was made and Christian Fredrik was crowned king of Norway 17 May, 1814. This is the reason that we celebrate the Norwegian national day on the 17th of May every year.
Our independence lasted only for a couple of months. In the summer of 1814, Sweden declared war on Norway and forced the country into a new union. This would last until 1905 when Norwegians voted on independence. 99.9995% of the voters voted for independence. The elections were not legal as Sweden had not agreed to them. Nonetheless, Sweden allowed Norway to become an independent country, despite their threats of war. Finally, Norway was an independent country.
To end the episode, I just want to mention some of the most important dates from modern Norwegian history. These are some of the most important events from the 20th and 21st century:
- 1913: Women get the right to vote in Norway.
- 9 April 1940: Germany occupies Norway until 8 May 1945.
- 1949: Norway becomes a part of NATO and the Western alliance in the Cold War against the Soviet Union.
- 1969: Oil is found outside the coast of Norway.
- 1972 and 1994: Norway says “NO!” to join the European Union.
- 22 July 2011: The terrorist attack in Oslo and on Utøya.
Vocabulary:
Overblikk – Overview
Kloster – Cloister
Bestod av – Consisted of
Stamme – Tribe
Høvding – Chieftain
Familiebånd – Family ties
Enhet – Unit
Å samle – To collect (in this context: To unite)
Rike – Kingdom
Slag – Battle
Den stemmer ikke – It is not true/accurate
Stammer alle fra – They all come from
Mytisk – Mythical
Langt ifra – Far from
I nærheten av – Close to
Å kjempe – To fight
Å beholde – To keep
I stedet for – Instead of
Å utrope– To proclaim
Helgen – Saint
Kongehus – Royal family
Å herske – To rule
Jordbruk – Agriculture
Å forbli – To stay
Å kreve – To demand
Selvstendig – Independent
Grunnlov – Constitution
Å tvinge – To force
Å bli en del av – To become a part of
Å stemme – To vote
Ulovlig – Illegal
Å godkjenne – To approve
Å true – To threaten
Stemmerett – Right to vote
Terrorangrep – Terrorist attack
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